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Some thoughts for #3 . . . No ship is strong enough to withstand crashing into a reef -- when the Valdez did, it was like a can opener ripping into a can. Alyeska was supposed to be on the scene in five hours--they were there in ten. Exxon did take control of the cleanup themselves--hiring just about anything that could float to go out and try to stop or contain the oil. Yes, we owned the ship that contained the oil and we employed the captain who was in command, but . . . Hazelwood was found not guilty operating the ship under the influence of alcohol. He was sentenced to 1000 hours of cleaning the beaches in Prince William Sound. It is sad fact that accidents happen. But as long as oil has to be moved by ships . . . The danger will exist as long as Americans need oil for their cars, airplanes, and household products.
Some sources for the spill: Kaufman, Donald G., and Cecilia M. Franz. "Focus On: A Once Princely Sound." Biosphere 2000: Protecting Our Global Environment. New York: HarperCollins, 1993. Moore, Shelley. "Prince William Sound Revisited." The Lamp (Exxon's quarterly report). Spring 1999. Lucaszewski, James E. "The Exxon Valdez Paradox." Crisis Response: Inside Stories on Managing Image under Siege. Detroit: Visible Ink Press, 1993. Benoit, William L. "Exxon and the Valdez Oil Spill." Accounts, Excuses, and Apologies: A Theory of Image Restoration Strategies. Albany: State U of New York P. 1995. Smith, Conrad. News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Summary of Information from Surveys of Reporters and Sources. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1992. Newton, Lisa H., and Catherine K. Dillingham. "Oil and Waters; Exxon Valdez and the Cleanup." Watersheds 2: Ten Cases in Environmental Ethics. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1997. Picou, Steven J., Duane A. Gill, and Maurie J. Cohen. The Exxon Valdez Disaster: Readings on a Modern Social Problem. Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt. Alaska Oil Spill Commission. Twenty-Four Hour Chronology of Events Following the Grounding of the Exxon Valdez, March 24, 1989 through March 26, 1989. On the Web http://www.ssrc.msstate.edu/mafes.evos.html http://www.valdezscience.com/ http://www.oilspill.state.ak.us/ http://www.arlis.org/Resources/resources.asp#OilSpillRelated http://www-orca.nos.noaa.gov/projects/hazmat/photos/exxon/exxon.html http://www.valdezresearch.com/ http://www.exxonvaldez.org/ http://www.exxon.com/
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